Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example The linking of information systems on the Internet, provides the business with one set of information, such as status of counts in the warehouse and the consumers’ payment information, while the customer finds out through the company’s Internet portal just how much of the product the business has, and the projected delivery dates. Amazon.com is one such example of purchasing online with a two-sided supply chain infrastructure. In the wholesale jewellery components industry, the more you buy, the greater discount you get on your supplies, as shown in the figure (1) above. Therefore, the ability to see the discounts in the components ordering sheet, allows for cost savings up front. Alternatively, showing online how many components are left in stock, particularly if there are only a limited few, or if it is in the process of being discontinued, gives a business time to find other resources and get the purchasing infrastructure up and running in time for the next order (Fire Mountain Gems, 20115; Ackerman & Bodgraven, 2007). Account holders also see all previous orders in case they want to re-order a particular item, or a complete former order. Shipping is a standard USD 5.00, no matter how much you order, a bargain for larger orders. For such a company, communicating with its customers, including dealing with complaints and developing resolutions, is essential to continued successful relationships to provid e what the customers want. The purchasing and chain management infrastructures must be efficient and reliable, both inside the business and outside to the customers (Ackerman & Bodgraven, 2007). To achieve such efficiency, requires a joint venture correlation between the IT department (handles database and web development), the product purchasing department, and the sales and marketing department, each of whom provide the information required as to what is needed for an online

Asch Conformity Experment Essay Example for Free

Asch Conformity Experment Essay The Asch Paradigm Majority Influence Introduction In this essay i will discuss the experiment that Solomon Asch’s conducted in (1950) were his main was aim was to discover how majority influence can affect one individual judgment and how pressure from the majority can pressurise one person to Conform, I will also evaluate his research method, the results and the findings he attained. Aim S Solomon Asch’s had disapproved of the Conformity experiment conducted by Muzzafer Sherriff as Asch had felt that sheriffs visual illusion known as the auto kinnect didn’t really show any results of conformity as the participants were asked to take part in an ambiguous task were they were just asked to point out how far the a light travelled in a dark room, Asch believed that Sherrifs experiment clearly had no right or wrong answer so it was impossible for the experiment to show any results of conformity in a group situation. Asch figured the only way to measure the rates of conformity was to place an individual in a group situation were they would be influenced by the majority even if they knew their group was giving incorrect answers on a task that was ambiguous and obviously correct. The Method (laboratory experiment)

Citizenship And Immigration Backbone Of Exclusion Politics Essay

Citizenship And Immigration Backbone Of Exclusion Politics Essay The concepts of citizen and immigrant have been discussed by many scholars for many reasons. These reasons can be the need of demonstrating the conflicts and the problems between citizens and immigrants, the immigrants illegal status that have generally unbearable life and working conditions, otherness of immigrants and thus their exclusion from mainstream of the society. Calavita is one of the scholars indicating the significance of dichotomy concerning citizen and immigrant issue by gathering ideas of many scholars. Thus, the main objective of my paper is to indicate on what basis Calavita challenges the immigrant/citizen dichotomy and also to illustrate the crucial points I agree by making use of the articles of vital scholars such as Bosniak, Marshall, Didier, Turner, Soysal, Balibar, Silverstein, Castles and Davidson and Giordano. The concept of citizenship not only refers to inclusion but also exclusion as it explicitly or implicitly posits the differences between citizens and immigrants who are generally considered as foreigners. Firstly, Calavita starts to challenge the immigrant/citizenship dichotomy by emphasizing the arguments of scholars concerning the differences between citizens and immigrants. For instance, Brubaker states that even though citizenship refers to inclusion, it is externally exclusive (21). Both Brubaker and Michael Walzer indicate a sharp difference between citizens who belong to the national community and noncitizens that do not. Thus, Calavita emphasizes that the extensive empirical scholarship that shows exclusionary aspect of citizenship affirms immigrants as a distinctly marginal population as well (403). Calavita also highlights the marginality of illegal immigrants by pointing out that they are given the worst jobs and excluded from social membership not only by virtue of their status as immigrants but by illegality (403). Moreover, according to B.S. Turner, who gets citizenship explicitly shows the general criteria of inclusion/exclusion within a political community and how these resources following citizenship membership are allocated and administered largely determines the economic fate of individuals and families (7). I totally agree with Calavitas and Turners arguments because there are many countries which can demonstrate the social and economical exclusion of immigrants such as Great Britain, Germany, France and so on. For instance, In Great Britain, many immigrants from Iran, Brazil, Afghanistan, Iraq and so on, are generally deprived of safe working conditions with poor salaries and they are generally given the worst jobs which citizens of the country do not want to do. Moreover, they have to live in some campsites far away from the mainstream of the society as they cannot afford to pay the rent of ordinary houses. As they are not the citizens of the country, their jobs, living and working conditions are harsh on the basis of exclusion. What is more, the exclusionary nature of citizenship in England can refer to inequality. According to Marshall, citizenship has been a growing institution in England associated with capitalism which is a system, not of equality but of inequality (102). Therefore, it can be deduced that the exclusion of immigrants is not only the result of exclusionary nature of citizenship but also the strong desire of capitalist people who want to earn more by exploiting the illegal status of immigrants. Calavita continues her arguments concerning otherness and marginalization of immigrants by indicating Filipina domestic workers in Los Angeles and Rome as examples emphasized by Salazar Parren who argues that Filipinas confront sets of dislocations in Italy and the United States, despite the legal, political, and cultural differences of the two contexts, as they provide the gendered, low-wage labour on which global capitalism thrives (404). As a result, capitalism has a crucial role in shaping the exclusion and economic marginalization of immigrants. The rights of immigrants have been extended through the enforcement of the law. For instance in the European Union it is achieved through a common asylum and immigration policy which provides specific rights to immigrants in the European Union countries. Calavita similarly addresses the issue of formal citizenship in the United States and the legal rights that distinguish citizens from noncitizens by utilizing Peter Schucks article which shows the evolution of the meaning of citizenship in U.S. immigration and naturalization law (405). It is argued that the value of U.S. citizenship has been decreased because immigrants have gained increasing rights as the concept of universalistic human rights independent of citizenship has expanded (405). Moreover, Yasemin Soysal states that rights that used to belong solely to nationals are now extended to foreign populations, thereby undermining the very basis of national citizenship (190). Calavita and other scholars also points out universal hu man rights in democratic societies which means that immigrants have come to enjoy virtually all the privileges associated with formal citizenship (usually, but not always, with the exception of voting rights) (405). What is more, according to Linda Bosniak, rights and recognition should be given to all people who are territorially present within the geographical space of a national state by virtue of that presence (390). This obviously refers to immigrants who territorially exist in many countries but denied. I agree with the opinions on the gradual growth of immigrants right not only in USA but also in Europe through the enforcement of the law. Thus, distinct terms have been created for the condition of immigrants such as denizen which is indicated by Soysals article for foreigners who are long-term residents of European states and who have substantial rights and privileges (190). Calavita thus shows that this concept of a membership continuum is at least implicitly shared by virtu ally all who write on immigration law and belonging (406). But at times it is somewhat awkwardly accompanied by the enduring idea of a conceptually clear, legally consequential, and ideologically charged distinction between citizens and foreigners (Brubaker, 21). It can be considered as true assumption since the explicit differences between them can be still observed in many countries such as in Great Britain I illustrated above. Different concepts such as transnational citizenship, global citizenship, and post national citizenship are raised in Calavitas article for further destabilizing this presumed dichotomy (Baubock 1994; Falk1993; Bosniak 2000, 449). According to her, the establishment of the European Union and the appearance of European citizenship may be the clearest example for transnational membership. While the allocation of many formal citizenship rights to all Europeans in the European Union clearly extends the conventional state-centered concept of citizenship, this transnational form is still relatively rare (406). Didier Bigo states that it is vital to have a long-term economic and social policy on migration that provides for decent conditions of family unification, equal wages and pension rights, and cross-border movements facilitated by international agreements (581). Thus, it can be deduced that the concept of European citizenship and immigration policy provide advantages such as equal wage s to the immigrants. Furthermore, Calavita argues that conceptual precision is required in our discussions of citizenship yet we need not define citizenship as intrinsically national in nature (407). Therefore, it can be pointed out that the definition of citizenship cannot be something which is unchangeable yet which has been developed and extended through evolution as Bosniak acknowledges that citizenship is multiple and overlapping through increasingly transterritorial quality of political and social life (450). However, we need to emphasize that being citizen of a country does not necessarily mean that your rights are protected and you can defend yourself when you are treated unfairly, even citizens of a country can be deprived of social, civil and political rights as Calavita indicates (407). Racialized citizenship, cultural citizenship and dependent citizenship are another crucial terms which are addressed by Calavita (407). These terms are the explicit illustration and proof of exclusionary nature of citizenship. To give an illustration, Paul Silverstein states that the white aristocracy think that they are enactors of national will and utilize a nationalistic practice of exclusion on racialised Aboriginal and Asian cocitizens and also in France Muslims are not seen as French citizenship since their culture is based on different religious activities (27). For describing the dependent citizenship, gender issue has a pivotal role as womens dependent citizenship is observed in USA. (407). Calavita makes use of Bredbenners article concerning womens dependent citizenship in USA through the Naturalization Act of 1855 (407). When foreign women married U.S. citizens, law automatically conferred citizenship on foreign women that protected these women from deportation and gave th em inheritance Rights yet deprived them of their native citizenship without their consent (407-408). Even though foreign men who married U.S. had acquired right to vote, these women who married U.S. men could not vote. This can be an exact proof of the dominance of patriarchy and the crucial clue indicating status of women as second class citizens in USA. According to Calavita, gender and race are often at the forefront of the struggle for inclusion as we realize women position in USA in that times , Muslims condition in France and the otherness of Aborigines in Australia emphasized by Silverstein (408). Being a citizenship is considered as first act to empower oneself against the environment into which one is born and thus a citizen tries to find mastery over whatever pushes him or her back into subjection (Castles and Davidson, 26). As a result, citizenship is inclined to indicate mastery over all environments which can be taken as the main result of capitalism. Calavita acknowledges that the ruled were dependent on the rulers, but the rulers no less depended on the ruled. The two sides were tied to each other and neither could easily opt out of the wedlock (410). To give specific illustration, the capitalist employers want to give jobs to illegal immigrants in order to gain more profit by giving them poor salaries. The amount of money which the employers earn is thus relied on the employment of this ruled class. In addition, violence and crime against immigrants are another vital issue raised by Calavita by pointing out that in late August 2004, 11 homeless people were attacked in organized assaults in Sao Paulo, leaving at least 7 dead (412). This can be considered as a cruel attempt to keep the homeless out of public space (412). As we can realize these scholars point out that immigrants are marginalized and excluded from membership in the national community of citizen-insiders yet this dichotomy is problematic-on one hand because immigrants are increasingly granted formal rights (412). As we can observe, the dichotomy addressed by Calavita constitutes contradictions and conflicts as it not only refer to exclusion and marginalization but also evolution of immigrants rights. In the second part of the paper, she maintains her argument with immigration policy in Italy which grants victims of human trafficking temporary residence permits to escape from situations of violence and abuse (Giordano, 588) and she suggests that the legal construction of marginality is here particularly seen. For example, the immigrants are consistently found in the lowest paid, most precarious, and least secure jobs. It is estimated that 30% of non-EU immigrants in Italy work in the vast underground economy and it is hard to obtain permanent legal status through Immigration laws (413). The illegal condition of them in Italy should be emphasized as illegality of immigrant workers is embedded in Italian immigration law anchored by temporary and contingent permit systems (413). Balibar states that capacities of reception and integration are arbitrarily established according to criteria of cultural distance-that is, race (37). Also, Calavita acknowledges that immigrants are racialize d and their cultures highlighted as problematically distinct, to the extent that they are economically other which means that ethnic and cultural difference by themselves do not elicit racism, but rather their connection with poverty does (414). Thus, it can be said that race and gender are intertwined and so are labour function and race. The concept of non-EU jobs offered to immigrants from third World countries clearly indicates degrees of economic marginality. As this is a legal process, Economic marginality is thus institutionalized through law (415). They are also excluded from access to the national health care system. Also, they experience illegal discrimination in the housing market which causes them to live in homeless shelters and soup kitchens (415). We can realize the mutual existence of economical, social and cultural exclusion of immigrants in Italy. According to her, if economic marginality is backbone of immigrants exclusion, then it shows the reason that other impov erished groups in highly stratified market societies are similarly denied full membership (415). Thus, we can think that immigrants expose to both economic and social marginality. The workers, who are mostly young and woman and poorly paid, are too busy with their own survival to create solidarity among them. An overall conclusion is that the first part of the paper confirms the traditional dichotomy concerning citizen-insider/immigrant-outsider and the distinction between them is tried to be described by ideas of different scholars which is relied on the nominal definition of citizenship applied to women and people of colour (416). However, the Italian example indicates us that there is no exact and explicit boundary between citizens and immigrants and we can realize the economic marginality and otherness in the context of the racialization of Third World countries. However, it should be always remembered that even formal citizens can confront troubles from which immigrants can suffer and not all citizens are true members. Thus, they can also share the sense of exclusion with immigrants. Calavita sums up what she challenges by pointing out that the scholars claiming the extension of immigrants rights and documenting the critical race theory and feminist expose ´s of the limitations on substantive citizenship come from dramatically different theoretical positions and use various conceptualizations of citizenship (409). Yet, the conventional dichotomy between citizen-members and immigrant-outsiders is all disrupted by them. As result, it can be totally wrong to draw explicit definitions for citizen and immigrant yet it should be realized that the exclusion of immigrants also come from their inability of being consumers in the global marketplace. Lastly, it should not been forgotten that nowadays both immigrants and citizens have been backbone of marginality and exclusion which stems from the inescapable result of the capitalist world.

Grandma and Grandpa - My Grandmother :: Personal Narrative Profile

My Grandmother Children! The sound of her strident voice reverberates down the narrow stairwell. I remember that musty, dark, winding stairwell that led to her second floor apartment in Glendale as vividly as I did the day I established a meaningful relationship with my grandmother. Through this relationship, I have come to know her as a friend, a confidante, and lastly, a woman I admire. I was only seven at the time, and the only thing I cared about was the fact that my grandmother spoke in a very loud and grating voice, and that she kept on patting my hand (which annoyed me to no end). My grandparents are separated- my grandfather lives with us, while she lives in a separate apartment by herself in Glendale. My family and I used to eat lunch at her house every week. I remember trudging up the dank, squeaky stairs with my siblings, yelling "An-yang!!"(grandmother) all the way. She would yell in a similar fashion "Ah! Shua- nging!" (ah, children!) Smells of old- fashioned Shanghainese cooking would assail my senses, as my mouth watered in anticipation of the savories to come. One particular afternoon, after we had finished eating, we draped ourselves around her living room. I was sitting on a dilapidated couch, whose colors were made indiscernible by time, and was looking around her room. My gaze swept from the thin, worn carpet, bare in some places, to the scarred wooden dresser, to a dirty doll with an eye missing. (My grandmother could never bear to throw anything away). She came and sat down next to me, taking my hand in hers. The tight braid at the nape of her neck was coming undone. Wisps of thick black hair framed her square face. I looked down at the contrast between our hands- my hand was unblemished, pale and smooth, while her hand was mottled with age spots, tanned, and leathery. She started to pat my hand in the most annoying fashion, while telling me how large my feet were. I was somewhat surprised, because I had always been told that my feet were rather small for my size. Then I saw her feet. Her feet were deformed and incredibly stunted. Her toes grew in a peculiar

Of course women take care of men and are subordinate to male authority – True?

Men are known to be more aggressive, and independent, than woman. They are braver, more outgoing, and extroverted, confident in their own ability to control and manipulate the external environment. Most societies have traditionally regarded men as doers, warriors, hunters scientists artists writers captains of industry and politics. These generalizations apply to pretty much every known human society. Some sociologists and anthropologists believe that there is not and never has been a society in which women do not have an inferior status to that of men. If you were to ask others what they consider to be the most fundamental behavioral difference between males and females, most would likely say aggression – specifically, that males are more aggressive than females, because males secrete higher levels of the hormone testosterone. It assumes that men everywhere and at all times have been women's superiors and that work men do is more important or more highly valued than women's work. Sex, gender, sexuality. Chart,,,,, All 3 are interlinked. Feminine or masculine gender identity exists only with in the framework of experiences of a body sexed as female or male and within the context of sexual practices understood as expressing the feminine or masculine identity. Men and women maybe two halves of the same species, but they seem to live in almost separate worlds. Women have been the carers of men and their children. While a woman's has been in the home, A mans place has been in the jungle, the battlefield or the world of work. We describe ourselves in many different ways. One of the most fundamental ways is to say ‘I am a man' or ‘I am woman'. That is to describe us in terms of our sex. If you are a woman, people would not be surprised to see you wearing slacks, but they might expect to see you in a dress. Most also expect you to be rather emotional and given to cry easily. They will think of you as nurturing, preoccupied with romance, personal relationships, and your appearance, and inept with things mechanical. If you are a man though, people will expect you wearing slacks, and they would be shocked to see you in a dress. Most also expect you to be assertive and always in control of your emotions. They will think of you as ambitious and competitive. Preoccupied with your studies, work, sports, and mechanically inclined. Every society has rules about which activities are suitable for males and which for females. In western societies today, sex is an organizing principle of social structure, it plays a great part in determining social roles. Women were seen to reproduce and care for children. The basic family consists of a mother and child. Parsons characterized the women's role in the family as â€Å"expressive†, meaning that she provides warmth, security and emotional support for her husband and children. Parsons also argued that for the family to operate efficiently as a social system, there must be a clear cut sexual division of labor. Like a button and a buttonhole, they lock together to promote family solidarity. From this it follows that attempts to abolish gender roles and replace them with unisex roles may be in fact going against the will of nature. Women today rather than being passive and dependant, are instead likely to be active food providers as well as inventors and crafters of new material technology. How did we get here from there? Including population growth, increased environmental danger from ecological changes or warfare, the establishment of trade or exchange relations between societies, a change from a nomadic to a sedentary lifestyle, and technological advances allowing for the accumulation of a surplus of food and other goods. The available evidence indicates that specific gender relations appear to arise largely in response to external circumstances -economic, political, and social, not biological imperatives. In the workforce, the last ninety years have seen both the dramatic change and perhaps surprising continuity in the patterns of female labor in oz. In the 1st decade of the century, women moved into offices and shops in large numbers, transforming these jobs into predominantly female occupations. The professions of medicine law dentistry admitted increasing numbers of women from the turn of the century. * Last q. Even now many still think a womens place is at home, but the 20th century winks and her roles are scattered somewhere b/w tradition and total liberation. The 1980s and 1990s have brought women far reaching changes in almost all walks of life. History has not been kind to women as well as the determined pressure of womens group, and new attitudes have powered change and progress. Although women have more right these days then the past, there is still this discrete inequality that is taking place in society. At work and home. At work, women are concentrated in womens work. The service and caring industries, such as nursing, teaching, and typing. They get lower pay than men. Few women get into top professions and even fewer into top posts, even in their own fields. At home, some sociologists like Hannah Garron see modern marriage as a form of property relationship. An institution that ensures women continued subordination economically, financially, legally, and emotionally. Women at home experience frustration, stress and boredom. A modern housewife either faces life of loneliness and lack of reward, or goes to work and so has to face the demands of 2 jobs. 1) Why can a man lift a tone of bricks, but he cant lift up a mop? 2) Why is it that when it comes to education girls are smarter, yet men get the better paid jobs overall? 3) Society has been carrying this stereotype for thousands of years, what makes you think we can change it. Yes women have come far, but how long has it taken us? 4) Would World War have taken place if women ruled the world?

Of Mice and Men: A Novel by John Steinbeck

In the novel of mice and men,Steinbeck never gives Curley’s Wife a name. This is done to show that she does not have any identity or position on the ranch. As Curley’s Wife is a representation of all women in the 1930s I feel Steinbeck uses her to show that she does not have any identity or position on the ranch. As Curley’s Wife is a representation of all women in the 1930s I feel Steinbeck uses her to show that most women back then had no identity or position in the working world. No characters in the novella care for Curley’s Wife and very little attention is given to her. However many of the men only see her as an object. I think Steinbeck conveys that idea by his description of her. When we and George and Lennie are first introduced to her, Steinbeck takes a long time to describe her. ‘She had full rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her finger nails were red. Her hair hung in little clusters, like sausages†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This I feel Steinbeck uses to present Curley’s Wife as an object to the men and society. It is to show that Curley’s wife is worth as much as she is wearing. But Steinbeck doesn’t only use the description of what she is wearing, he also fully describes her actions. This is to show the physical awareness the men have towards her. ‘She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward’ Steinbeck’s description of Curley’s Wife’s actions, I think, is to not only describe the men’s physical awareness, but to show the desperation of Curley’s Wife and the women in the 1930s. Steinbeck presents the men’s reactions towards her as hostile through the use of language. When George first meets her he responds to her ‘brusquely’. I think this is to show the hesitance men have towards Curley’s Wife. I feel Steinbeck not only does this to make us feel sympathy towards Curley’s Wife and women in the 1930s, but also towards men in the 1930s as they have to be extremely careful and hostile so they can keep their jobs. This I think is the contrast Steinbeck is trying to make towards Lennie’s reaction. As Lennie does not understand normal social behaviour he is in awe of Curley’s Wife. I think Steinbeck does this to show that two people who don’t fit into society are maybe the ones that do. John Steinbeck uses different methods to present Curley’s Wife and women in the 1930s. I fell Steinbeck uses Curley’s Wife as a representation of injustice in the 1930s. Steinbeck presents the character of Curley’s Wife as manipulative; however I feel he only does this to make us feel sympathy to Curley’s Wife and women in the 1930s. The fact that Curley’s wife has to be manipulative to get attention which she is so starved for does not kill any sympathy that the reader could have for her but drives it so that the reader is more sympathetic. I also feel that Steinbeck uses Curley’s wife as a reflection on men in the 1930s as they are manipulative yet despise Curley’s wife because she is manipulative; they do not realise that it is them that made her so in the first place. I feel that ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a perfect representation of the treatment of human beings in the 1920s.